摘要
《中华人民共和国民法典》将公平原则确立为基本原则之一，在私法体系中发挥着重要的价值引领与规范补充功能。随着民法典的实施，公平原则在司法实践中的适用频率显著提升，并逐渐由传统的补充性规范向具有实质裁判功能的原则转变。然而，在具体适用过程中，公平原则仍面临适用边界模糊、裁量标准不统一，以及与诚实信用原则、公序良俗原则交叉重叠等问题，进而引发“泛化适用”与裁判不确定性的现实困境。本文在系统梳理公平原则规范基础的前提下，综合运用规范分析、案例分析与比较研究方法，对民法典实施以来公平原则的理论发展与司法适用状况进行综述性研究。研究发现，公平原则在合同、侵权及家事等领域均呈现出扩张适用趋势，其核心功能主要体现在利益衡量与风险再分配，但同时也存在过度依赖法官自由裁量、类型化不足等问题。基于上述分析，本文认为，应通过明确公平原则的适用条件、强化类型化规则建构以及完善司法解释，对其适用进行适度限缩与规范化，从而在实现个案正义的同时维护法律适用的确定性。本文的研究有助于深化对民法典基本原则运行机制的理解，并为公平原则的合理适用提供理论支持与制度参考。
关键词： 民法典；公平原则；司法适用；利益衡量；自由裁量；类型化规则
Abstract
The Civil Code of the People ' s Republic of China establishes the principle of fairness as a fundamental principle, playing a vital role in guiding values and supplementing legal norms within the private law system. With its implementation, the application of the principle of fairness in judicial practice has significantly increased, gradually evolving from a supplementary norm into a substantive basis for adjudication. However, in practice, problems such as ambiguous boundaries, inconsistent standards of judicial discretion, and overlaps with the principles of good faith and public order and good morals have led to concerns over excessive application and legal uncertainty. Based on a systematic review of its normative foundation, this paper employs doctrinal analysis, case study, and comparative research to examine the development and application of the principle of fairness under the Civil Code. The findings indicate that the principle shows an expanding trend across contract, tort, and family law, mainly functioning in interest balancing and risk redistribution, while also revealing issues such as over-reliance on judicial discretion and insufficient typification. Accordingly, this paper argues that the application of the principle of fairness should be appropriately restricted and standardized by clarifying its conditions, strengthening typified rules, and improving judicial interpretations, so as to balance substantive justice and legal certainty. This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the proper application of the principle of fairness.
Key words： Civil code; Principle of fairness; Judicial application; Interest balancing; Judicial discretion; Typification rules
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